In other contexts, it often refers to beginner or training courses. In science, it refers to the first principles. Ab initio mundi means 'from the beginning of the world.' In literature, it refers to a story told from the beginning rather than in medias res ('from the middle'). I.e., 'from the outset,' referring to an inquiry or investigation. I.e., 'from the beginning' or 'from infancy.' Incunabula is commonly used in English to refer to the earliest stage or origin of something, and especially to copies of books that predate the spread of the printing press c. The phrase refers to the legal principle that an argument from inconvenience has great weight. New Latin for 'based on unsuitability,' 'from inconvenience,' or 'from hardship.' An argumentum ab inconvenienti is one based on the difficulties involved in pursuing a line of reasoning, and is thus a form of appeal to consequences. I.e., 'from the bottom of my heart,' 'with deepest affection,' or 'sincerely.' Attributed to Julius Caesar. Legal term denoting derivation from an external source, as opposed to a person's self or mind-the latter of which is denoted by ab intra. Ab epistulis was originally the title of the secretarial office in the Roman Empire Regarding or pertaining to correspondence. ' from time immemorial,' 'since the beginning of time.' or 'from an infinitely remote time in the past') Sometimes used incorrectly to denote something, not from without time, but from a point within time, i.e. g., the universe, that was created from outside of time. Literally, 'from the everlasting,' 'from eternity,' or 'from outside of time.' Philosophically and theologically, it indicates something, e. practiced in a morally/ethically wrong way) cf. I.e., a right is still a right even if it is abused (e.g. The inference of a use from its abuse is not valid The phrase is distinct from reductio ad absurdum, which is usually a valid logical argument. appeal to ridicule) or that another assertion is false because it is absurd. Said of an argument either for a conclusion that rests on the alleged absurdity of an opponent's argument (cf. In everyday speech, it denotes something occurring or being known before the event. In philosophy, used to denote something is supposed without empirical evidence. Used in mathematics and logic to denote something that is known or postulated before a proof has been carried out. Presupposed independent of experience the reverse of a posteriori. In philosophy, used to denote something known from experience. Used in mathematics and logic to denote something that is known after a proof has been carried out. 'From possibility to actuality' or 'from being possible to being actual'.Д«ased on observation, i.

I.e., 'completely,' 'from tip to toe,' 'from head to toe.' Equally a capite ad calcem.

I.e., 'even more so' or 'with even stronger reason.' Often used to lead from a less certain proposition to a more evident corollary. Thus, an argumentum a contrario ('argument from the contrary') is an argument or proof by contrast or direct opposite. I.e., 'on the contrary' or ' au contraire'. I.e., 'from top to bottom,' 'all the way through,' or 'from head to toe.' See also a pedibus usque ad caput. I.e., 'from Heaven all the way to the center of the Earth.' In law, it may refer to the proprietary principle of cuius est solum, eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos ('whosoever is the soil, it is his up to the sky and down to the depths '). I.e., 'at will' or 'at one's pleasure.' This phrase, and its Italian ( beneplacito) and Spanish ( beneplГЎcito) derivatives, are synonymous with the more common ad libitum (at pleasure).ДЇrom general to particular 'What holds for all X also holds for one particular X.' вЂ“ argumentum a fortioriДЄn inference from smaller to bigger what is forbidden at least is forbidden at more ('If riding a bicycle with two on it is forbidden, riding it with three on it is at least similarly punished'.)

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